Undetected Breaches and Ransomware Change How We Think About Cybersecurity
As new possibilities in information technology continue to transform organizations, they may outpace any cybersecurity protections already in place. Controls that seemed adequate yesterday might not be equal to the challenges presented by new technology and ever-evolving threats today. Our issue of Board Perspectives: Risk Oversight (Issue 90) discusses eight of today’s business realities directors should consider as they oversee cybersecurity risk, and it is worth a read. We’d like to comment further on two of those realities here.
- The first reality represents a change in thinking: Whereas the adage of yesterday was “It’s not a matter of if a cyber risk event will occur, but a matter of when,” we now know that it’s better to acknowledge that cyber risk events are already occurring, whether we’re aware of them or not.
- The second reality revises the familiar advice to identify and protect the critical data assets and information systems, aka “crown jewels,” extending that advice to include being aware of the adverse business outcomes that result from the unavailability or compromise of business-critical but non-sensitive data.
Both of these realities have one thing in common: Boards must remain open to new ways of thinking about cybersecurity, because organizations’ information technology assets — and the ways criminals exploit them — keep evolving. Or to paraphrase the Greek philosopher Heraclitus, the only constant in cyber threats is change.
Hunting for Hackers
Thinking “cyber risk events are not a matter of if, but a matter of when” is no longer sufficient — unless you think of “when” as having happened already. Breach statistics show that the vast majority of breaches are not self-detected. In one example from our own incident response practice, a firm that had several threat detection measures in place was blissfully unaware of a credit card breach until they were informed about it by the Secret Service. The attacker had been in the environment for over one year! This example is not uncommon, as breach statistics also show that the average time between an attack and its detection is over six months.
In hindsight, the proper response to this kind of threat would have been a proactive one — a technique known as “breach assessment” or “threat hunting.” Rather than using in-place technologies and processes as a check on prospective cyber risk events, threat hunting searches proactively for attacks already in progress by asking, “Are we already breached, but unaware of it?” More organizations are now augmenting their cyber defenses with the creation of internal “threat hunting” teams or engaging third parties for periodic breach assessments. Support of ongoing threat hunting and regular third-party breach assessments are two ways for boards to ward off the possibility of a long-term, undetected breach.
More Than Crown Jewels
Just a short time ago, “identifying and protecting critical data and systems” — aka, crown jewels — was the standard measure of adequate cyber risk management. However, a narrow focus on sensitive data, rather than an outcome-driven approach to cyber risk management, could cause an organization to overlook real threats elsewhere — like those presented by ransomware, for example. In the past few years, ransomware has changed the risk equation for companies by targeting operational rather than sensitive data. Encrypting non-sensitive information for ransom may not be the exact high-risk data loss we’ve all been warned about but it will cripple business operations nevertheless until the ransom is paid.
Last year, examples of this crippling impact of ransomware made headlines as the WannaCry and NotPetya malware attacks caused serious business disruption. The National Health Service hospitals in the United Kingdom were significantly disrupted, with non-emergency patients turned away and ambulances diverted. The NotPetya malware cost pharmaceutical company Merck, transport company Maersk, and delivery services giant FedEx each over $300 million in expenses and lost sales, for a total of over $900 million for just those three firms out of the dozens or perhaps hundreds impacted.
Until recently, firms who possessed only non-sensitive data could rest easy knowing they had no “crown jewels” to protect. They should rest no longer, as all firms are vulnerable to ransomware. Boards should be vigilant about this risk, and ensure that safeguards are in place — as well as continuity plans. Shifting focus from warding off a specific data breach — like the loss of sensitive data via a specific application — to considering all adverse business outcomes leads to more comprehensive cybersecurity solutions.
While all eight new business realities discussed in our Board Perspectives issue warrant attention, these two in particular highlight the need for evolving an organization’s approach to cyber risk oversight, now and in the future.
